IL-4 regulates neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model of bronchial asthma.

Neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation in asthmatics substantially exacerbates the severity of the disease leading to resistance to conventional corticosteroid therapy. Many studies established the involvement of Th1- and Th17-cells and cytokines produced by them (IFNg, IL-17A, IL-17F etc.) in neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation. Recent studies revealed that IL-4 - a Th2-cytokine regulates neutrophil effector functions and migration. It was showed that IL-4 substantially reduces neutrophilic inflammation of the skin in a mouse model of cutaneous bacterial infection and blood neutrophilia in a mouse model systemic bacterial infection. However, there are no data available regarding the influence of IL-4 on non-infectious pulmonary inflammation. In the current study we investigated the effects of IL-4 in a previously developed mouse model of neutrophilic bronchial asthma. We showed that systemic administration of IL-4 significantly restricts neutrophilic inflammation of the respiratory tract probably through the suppression of Th1-/Th17-immune responses and downregulation of CXCR2. Additionally, pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation could be alleviated by IL-4-dependant polarization of N2 neutrophils and M2 macrophages, expressing anti-inflammatory TGFß. Considering these, IL-4 might be used for reduction of exaggerated pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation and overcoming corticosteroid insensitivity of asthma patients.

[CHANGING THE FUNCTIONALITY: HOW DO MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS PERCEIVE INNOVATIONS?]

The article is devoted to the study of the issue of changing the functionality of nurses, analyzing the opinions of nurses and doctors themselves on the implementation of such an innovation, assessing the benefits and consequences associated with expanding the functions and increasing the role of nurses in the medical community. The research is based on CHAID-analysis of data from a questionnaire survey conducted in 2020, which revealed the respondents' attitude to the idea of improving the status of nurses and expanding their functions, expectations of the possible reaction of the medical community and patients to this innovation, and the development of so-called «trees¼ of classifications for various variables. The collected and systematized data on changes in the functionality of nurses can serve as a starting point for the possible expansion of the functions and powers of nurses in the metropolitan health care, as well as increasing the role and status of nurses in the professional environment. The results of the Moscow study presented in the article confirm the conclusions of other scientists and practitioners from the Russian regions, in which a pilot project has already been implemented to change the functionality of nurses.

[INSTRUMENTS FOR INCREASING LABOR MOTIVATION OF MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS EMPLOYEES].

The article is devoted to the study of motivation of medical organization employees to work. A competent system of motivation of medical personnel, focused on building long-term goals and development conditions, supporting the organizational climate and increasing the involvement of medical workers in their work, solves most of the problems that any medical organization faces. In addition, the policy of the medical institution, the values of the management itself and a favorable psychological climate are important factors in motivating doctors and nurses. In this regard, the purpose of this study is focused on identifying a group of motivational factors that encourage medical professionals to effectively perform their work duties. On the base of the developed sociological tool - a questionnaire for a mass survey - there were collected and analyzed data on the factors which affect the motivation to work of medical workers. As a result of the conducted research, the most significant motivational triggers were identified, which allow to assess the health of medical workers, as well as to identify problematic points that make it difficult to perform the duties in a high-quality manner. These data formed the basis of the method proposed by the authors, which allows any medical organization to identify a group of system-forming factors of motivation to work, on the basis of which the management of medical institutions has the opportunity to assess the motivation of the personnel for further decision-making in the framework of effective management.